Modification of the old system parts appropriate to the new requirements. Integration of the modified parts into the new system. Full-reuse Model cont. Change request phase 2. Estimate phase 3. Schedule phase 4. Programming phase 5. Test phase 6. Documentation phase 7. Release phase 8. Operation phase Taute Maintenance Model cont. Software Maintenance Chantell Alston Dec. Vij1y Apr. B Massa Weeks Mar.
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Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Visibility Others can see my Clipboard. At the process level, software maintenance activities share much in common with software development for example, software configuration management is a crucial activity in both. Maintenance also requires several activities that are not found in software development see section 3. These activities present challenges to management. The team that develops the software is not necessarily assigned to maintain the software once it is operational.
In deciding where the software maintenance function will be located, software engineering organizations may, for example, stay with the original developer or go to a permanent maintenance- specific team or maintainer. Having a permanent maintenance team has many benefits:. Since there are many pros and cons to each option, the decision should be made on a case-bycase basis.
Outsourcing and offshoring software maintenance has become a major industry. Organizations are outsourcing entire portfolios of software, including software maintenance. More often, the outsourcing option is selected for less mission-critical software, as organizations are unwilling to lose control of the software used in their core business.
One of the major challenges for outsourcers is to determine the scope of the maintenance services required, the terms of a service- level agreement, and the contractual details. Outsourcers will need to invest in a maintenance infrastructure, and the help desk at the remote site should be staffed with native-language speakers. Outsourcing requires a significant initial investment and the setup of a maintenance process that will require automation.
Software engineers must understand the different categories of software maintenance, discussed above, in order to address the question of estimating the cost of software maintenance. For planning purposes, cost estimation is an important aspect of planning for software maintenance. Section 2. Maintenance cost estimates are affected by many technical and nontechnical factors.
A combination of these two can also be used. Parametric cost modeling mathematical models has been applied to software maintenance.
Of significance is that historical data from past maintenance are needed in order to use and calibrate the mathematical models. Cost driver attributes affect the estimates. Experience, in the form of expert judgment, is often used to estimate maintenance effort.
Clearly, the best approach to maintenance estimation is to combine historical data and experience. The cost to conduct a modification in terms of number of people and amount of time is then derived. Maintenance estimation historical data should be provided as a result of a measurement program. There are several software measures that can be derived from the attributes of the software, the maintenance process, and personnel, including size, complexity, quality, understandability, maintainability, and effort.
Complexity measures of software can also be obtained using available commercial tools. Discussion of software process and product measurement is also presented in the Software Engineering Process KA. The software quality model suggests measures that are specific for software maintenance. Providing software maintenance effort, by categories, for different applications provides business information to users and their organizations.
It can also enable the comparison of software maintenance profiles internally within an organization. In addition to standard software engineering processes and activities described in IEEE , there are a number of activities that are unique to maintainers. Software maintenance activities include. Recently, agile methodologies, which promote light processes, have been also adapted to maintenance. This requirement emerges from the everincreasing demand for fast turnaround of maintenance services.
Improvement to the software maintenance process is supported by specialized software maintenance capability maturity models see [6] and [7], which are briefly annotated in the Further Readings section. The maintenance process contains the activities and tasks necessary to modify an existing software product while preserving its integrity.
These activities and tasks are the responsibility of the maintainer. As already noted, many maintenance activities are similar to those of software development. Maintainers perform analysis, design, coding, testing, and documentation.
They must track requirements in their activities—just as is done in development—and update documentation as baselines change. However, for software maintenance, some activities involve processes unique to software maintenance. There are a number of processes, activities, and practices that are unique to software maintenance:. Maintainers may also perform support activities, such as documentation, software configuration management, verification and validation, problem resolution, software quality assurance, reviews, and audits.
Another important support activity consists of training the maintainers and users. An important activity for software maintenance is planning, and maintainers must address the issues associated with a number of planning perspectives, including. At the individual request level, planning is carried out during the impact analysis see section 2. Whereas software development projects can typically last from some months to a few years, the maintenance phase usually lasts for many years.
Making estimates of resources is a key element of maintenance planning. Software maintenance planning should begin with the decision to develop a new software product and should consider quality objectives. A concept document should be developed, followed by a maintenance plan. The next step is to develop a corresponding software maintenance plan. This plan should be prepared during software development and should specify how users will request software modifications or report problems.
Software maintenance planning is addressed in IEEE It provides guidelines for a maintenance plan. Finally, at the highest level, the maintenance organization will have to conduct business planning activities budgetary, financial, and human resources just like all the other divisions of the organization.
Management is discussed in the chapter Related Disciplines of Software Engineering. IEEE describes software configuration management as a critical element of the maintenance process. Software configuration management procedures should provide for the verification, validation, and audit of each step required to identify, authorize, implement, and release the software product.
It is not sufficient to simply track modification requests or problem reports. The software product and any changes made to it must be controlled. This control is established by implementing and enforcing an approved software configuration management SCM process.
The Software Configuration Management KA provides details of SCM and discusses the process by which software change requests are submitted, evaluated, and approved. SCM for software maintenance is different from SCM for software development in the number of small changes that must be controlled on operational software. The SCM process is implemented by developing and following a software configuration management plan and operating procedures.
It is not sufficient to simply hope that increased quality will result from the maintenance of software. Maintainers should have a software quality program. It must be planned and processes must be implemented to support the maintenance process.
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